This chapter will focus on an introduction to the structure and function of these macromolecules. Recall that the monomer units for building the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are the nucleotide bases, whereas the monomers for proteins are amino acids, for carbohydrates are sugar residues, and for lipids are fatty acids or acetyl groups. In Chapter 6, you were introduced to the polymers of life and their building block structures, as shown below in Figure 11.1. All of the major macromolecule classes are similar, in that, they are large polymers that are assembled from small repeating monomer subunits. These are the carbohydrates, lipids (or fats), proteins, and nucleic acids. Within all lifeforms on Earth, from the tiniest bacterium to the giant sperm whale, there are four major classes of organic macromolecules that are always found and are essential to life. In nature, the DNA is hydrophilic due to the presence of phosphorus in phosphodiester bonds.11.1 Introduction: The Four Major Macromolecules The split of DNA is called gene and DNA is found in the chromosome. It is a two-strands structure, which is known as a double helix. Note: DNA which is the main responsible for the genetic properties is a chemical structure of the genetic molecules. THe interior of DNA is hydrophobic due to the presence of the hydrogen bonds. > Option D: Hydrogen bonds are the bonds between the bases and are weak in nature. > Option C: Thymine is one of the pyrimidine bases that make up the structure of the DNA and in RNA it is replaced by uracil. The sugar is covalently bonded to the bases. > Option B: Deoxyribose sugar is the sugar component of the DNA that is connected with the phosphodiester bond. For this reason, they can dissolve easily with water. This bond bears a negative charge as a surplus electron and the phosphate backbone is exposed to the surface. In the DNA, the phosphorus is found in the phosphodiester bonds. > Option A: Hydrophilic molecules are those types of molecules which tend to dissolve easily in water. But the DNA has a complexity to be encoded by the pattern of those bases, one after another. DNA is simply a polymer of these four bases A, C, T, and G. The bases consist of adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine which are known as A, C, T, and G. The term deoxyribose refers to the sugar and the nucleic acid refers to the phosphate and the bases. The DNA is a two stranded structure, where the strands are coiled with one another. It is a chemical structure of a genetic molecule which is a sugar and phosphate backbone and the bases have sticking out from it. The DNA molecule is composed of two intertwining strands and they are wind around one another which forms a shape called a double helix.ĭeoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the main information storage system present in the animals and plants. Hint: DNA is the chemical structure of the molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living organisms.
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